Kidney stones

 

Every day your kidneys process about 400 pints of blood to remove 4 pints of waste products and excess water in the form of urine. If the salts and minerals within the urine crystallise then they form ‘kidney stones’. Kidney stones are not a product of modern life. Scientists have found evidence of kidney stones in a 7,000-year-old Egyptian mummy. Unfortunately, kidney stones are one of the most common and painful disorders of the urinary tract.

 

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) is the non-invasive treatment of kidney stones (urinary calculi). The lithotriptor attempts to brea...

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Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a surgical procedure to remove stones from the kidney by a small puncture wound (up to about 1 cm) throug...

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The holmium laser is powerful enough to fragment all types of stone. The procedure is done under a general anaesthetic. ...

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